2020年成人高考英語答題技巧:閱讀理解
閱讀理解的最后一題常常提問在作者對文章中某一問題的態(tài)度(Attitude)、全文的基調(diào)(Tone)、文章的出處(Source)及對文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容的判斷等。
關(guān)于態(tài)度或基調(diào)(Attitude/Tone)類題的回答應(yīng)從篇章的體裁著手,一般來說,在說明文中作者的態(tài)度是客觀的(objective)或中立的(neutral);而在議論文中,作者的觀點才會顯得多種多樣,常風(fēng)的選項有:
(1)positive(積極的)
(2)negative(消極的)
(3)neutral(中立的)
(4)approval(贊成的)
(5)disapproval(不贊成的)
(6)indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)
(7)sarcastic(諷刺的)
(8)critical(批評的)
(9)optimistic(樂觀的)
(10)pessimistic(悲觀的)
問題的幾種提問方式:
(1)What's the writer's attitude to…
(2)What's the tone of the passage?
(3)The author's view is_______
有文章中,作者觀點明確,文章基調(diào)清楚,而有的文章中,作者僅僅暗示對某一問題的態(tài)度和觀點,需要閱讀時仔細琢磨。解答這類問題時,首先應(yīng)請注意篇章中起連接手段作用的那些詞語;其次應(yīng)注意有些表明作者觀點詞匯,如形容詞、動詞等。
對文章的出處及文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容判斷等可從全篇著手,從個別句子或詞匯找線索進行判斷。
Example:
I am not so nave,however,as
to believe that is responsible
for this unfortunate situation
of the American woman. I am not
a feminist,but I am an
individualist.I do not believe
there is any important
difference between men and
women.certainly not as much as
there may be between one woman
and another or one man and
an-other.There are plenty of
women and men,for that matter
who would be completely
fulfilled in being allowed to be
as lazy as possible.If someone
will ensconce them in a pleasant
home and pay their bills,they
ask no more of life. It is quite
all right for these men and
women to live thus so long as
fools can be found who will pay
so much for nothing much in
return.Gigolos,male and
female,are to be found in every
class and in the best of
homes.But when a man does not
want to be a gigolo,he has the
freedom to go out and work and
create as well as he can.But a
woman has not.Even if her
individual husband lets
her,tradition in society is
against her.In this passage the
author looks on the situation of
women with an attitude of.
A)amusement
B)indifference
C)disapproval
D)condemnation
此篇文章中,作者對待這一問題的態(tài)度十分明確、強硬(如用語I
am not
等等),因此只參在選項C)和D)中選擇。而從文章中的“gigolos”,"fools"等詞可看出作者不僅不贊成而且態(tài)度更甚。所以,選項C)程度還不夠,這一題的正確答案是D)
(4)The
writer's
attitude
of,this
passage
is
apparently_________
(5)The
author
suggests
that_________
(6)According
to
author__________
有文章中,作者觀點明確,文章基調(diào)清楚,而有的文章中,作者僅僅暗示對某一問題的態(tài)度和觀點,需要閱讀時仔細琢磨。解答這類問題時,首先應(yīng)請注意篇章中起連接手段作用的那些詞語;其次應(yīng)注意有些表明作者觀點詞匯,如形容詞、動詞等。
對文章的出處及文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容判斷等可從全篇著手,從個別句子或詞匯找線索進行判斷。
Example:
I
am
not
so
nave,however,as
to
believe
that
is
responsible
for
this
unfortunate
situation
of
the
American
woman.
I
am
not
a
feminist,but
I
am
an
individualist.I
do
not
believe
there
is
any
important
difference
between
men
and
women.certainly
not
as
much
as
there
may
be
between
one
woman
and
another
or
one
man
and
an-other.There
are
plenty
of
women
and
men,for
that
matter
who
would
be
completely
fulfilled
in
being
allowed
to
be
as
lazy
as
possible.If
someone
will
ensconce
them
in
a
pleasant
home
and
pay
their
bills,they
ask
no
more
of
life.
It
is
quite
all
right
for
these
men
and
women
to
live
thus
so
long
as
fools
can
be
found
who
will
pay
so
much
for
nothing
much
in
return.Gigolos,male
and
female,are
to
be
found
in
every
class
and
in
the
best
of
homes.But
when
a
man
does
not
want
to
be
a
gigolo,he
has
the
freedom
to
go
out
and
work
and
create
as
well
as
he
can.But
a
woman
has
not.Even
if
her
individual
husband
lets
her,tradition
in
society
is
against
her.In
this
passage
the
author
looks
on
the
situation
of
women
with
an
attitude
of.
A)amusement
B)indifference
C)disapproval
D)condemnation
此篇文章中,作者對待這一問題的態(tài)度十分明確、強硬(如用語I
am
not
等等),因此只參在選項C)和D)中選擇。而從文章中的“gigolos”,"fools"等詞可看出作者不僅不贊成而且態(tài)度更甚。所以,選項C)程度還不夠,這一題的正確答案是D)
關(guān)于詞匯問題(Vocabulary)
詞匯(Vocabulary)是三級閱讀理解測試中非常重要的一項。詞匯類其實也是就細節(jié)進行提問,所不同的是這是唯一關(guān)于詞或詞組的練習(xí)項目,詞匯題往往要求對文章中的某個單詞、短語甚至句子等找出近義詞或最合適的解釋。解答這類題需要學(xué)生擁有較大的詞匯量?墒,單詞記憶似乎已成為學(xué)生普遍反映最頭痛的難題。閱讀理解中詞匯類問題的常見提問方式有下列幾種:
(1)According
to
the
author,the
word“…”means_______.
(2)Which
of
the
following
is
nearest
in
meaning
to“…”?
(3)The
term“……”in
paragraph…can
be
best
replaced
by…
(4)What's
the
meaning
of“…”in
line…of
paragraph…
(5)As
used
in
the
line…,the
word“…”refers
to_______.
一般來說,在文章的閱讀中解決釋義的最鄧辦法是猜測詞義。猜測詞義也需要一定的技巧,可以通過:1)上下文間意義的聯(lián)系;2)同義關(guān)系;反義關(guān)系;3)詞的定義;4)對詞的解釋和舉例;5)構(gòu)詞法知識猜測詞義。
1、利用上下文詞語意義的互相聯(lián)系猜測詞義
Example:
The
fishermen
make
their
canoes
from
tree
trunks.They
go
from
island
to
island
in
these
light
marrow
boats
and
collect
turtles'
eggs.
我們從上下文中可以得出以下信息:“canoes”是一種漁夫用樹木做的、來回于島嶼之間的、輕狹長的、類似于小船之類的東西。盡管我們可能還不能肯定它的確切解釋,但這一生詞已經(jīng)不會影響我們的閱讀和理解了。
Example:
Jogging
has
become
very
popular
in
some
countries,It
is
believed
to
be
a
good
exercise
for
old
people.
“Jogging”的意思通過“a
good
exercise
for
old
people
”可以推斷出是一種適合老年人的劇烈的運動方式。
2、利用文章中詞與詞的同義和反義關(guān)系猜測詞義
Example:
If
you
happened
to
be
sitting
in
the
woods
outside
the
city,you
might
have
witnessed
a
strange
sight.You
would
have
seen
a
very
proud
looking
man
riding
along
horseback,saying
something.
在文章中可以很容易地判斷出“witnesss”的同義關(guān)系詞是“seen”,因此“witness”就是看見的意思。
Example:
In
the
northern
regions
the
winters
are
generally
cold
and
humid,and
the
summers
hot
and
dry.
顯然,冬天和夏天的氣候是截然相反的,它們的修飾詞的意思也應(yīng)該截然相反。“cold”與“hot”對應(yīng),“humid”與“dry”對應(yīng)。因此,“humid”是“潮濕”的意思。
3、利用文章中對詞的定義猜測詞義
Example:
Such
experiences
are
not
unusual
for
the
amateur
conchologists,people
who
collect
shells.
Conchologists的意思可以根據(jù)該詞后面的同位解釋“people
who
collect
shells”理解為收集貝殼的人或貝殼收藏家。
Example:
Jack
is
now
a
florist,who
keeps
a
shop
for
selling
flowers
in
our
district.
“florist”的意思就是其后定語從句“who
keeps
a
shop
for
selling
flowers”所描述的擁有一家專門賣花的商店的人,即“花店主”。
4、利用文章中對詞的舉例及解釋猜測詞義
Example:
Today
young
couples
who
are
just
starting
their
households
of
ten
spend
lots
of
their
money
on
appliances,for
instance,washing
machines,refrigerators
and
color
TVs.
通過所舉的例子(washing
machines,refrigerators
and
color
TVs)
可以看出,“appliances”應(yīng)是這些名詞的總稱,即“家用電器”。
Example:
Finally
the
enemy
surrendered.They
threw
down
their
weapons
and
walked
out
of
the
home
with
their
hands
over
their
heads.
通過后一句對“surrendered”的解釋:扔掉武器(throw
down
their
weapons),舉起雙手(with
their
hands
over
heads)可知其意是“投降”。
5、利用構(gòu)詞法知識(前綴和后綴)猜測詞義
Example:
They
overestimate
the
interviewee's
ability
and
asked
him
many
difficult
questions.
“estimate”是“估計”的意思,“over-”是前綴,意為“過分,過度,超過”等,因此“overestimate”就是“高估”的意思。
Example:
We
were
told
that
ours
was
the
most
spacious
room
in
the
hotel
.That
was
why
we
had
to
pay
so
much
for
it.
“spacious”是由“space”(名詞,空間)+“ious”(形容詞后綴變化而來的,因此,可猜測其詞義為“寬敞”。)
各種各樣的前、后綴可以構(gòu)成名詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞等,這些詞綴需要平時不斷地積累和記憶。掌握構(gòu)詞法知識是擴大詞匯量和猜測生詞詞義的最佳辦法。
關(guān)于推理性問題(Inference)
推理性問題與細節(jié)性問題相似,也是對文章具體內(nèi)容的判斷。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表達的字面含義,還要掌握一定的邏輯判斷能力及寫作技巧知識,從文章表面推出更深層含義,這部分往往出題分量大,難度大,出錯也最多,歸根結(jié)底還是對文章內(nèi)容沒有做到真正的理解和掌握。
Inference類問題主要包括Significance和Communication
Techniques兩大類。
1、Significance
文字表面往往沒有明顯反映作者的全部意圖,有些含義需要讀者從字里行間去體會,靠自己的邏輯推理能力去判斷,從上下文的聯(lián)貫及文中有關(guān)部分的暗示去明析作者隱含的意思。這類問題的命題方式有:
(1)The
writer
implies
but
not
directly
states
that__________.
(2)It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that_________.
(3)The
author
strongly
suggests
that__________.
(4)It
can
be
concluded
from
the
passage
that________.
(5)The
passage
is
intended
to__________.
(6)The
writer
indicates
that__________.
Example:
Nursing
at
Beth
Israel
Hospital
produces
the
best
patient
care
possible.If
we
were
to
solve
the
nursing
shortage,hospital
administration
and
doctors
everywhere
would
do
well
to
follow
Beth
Israel's
example.
At
Beth
Israel
each
patient
is
assigned
to
a
primary
nurse
who
visits
at
length
with
the
patient
and
constructs
a
full-scale
health
ac-count
that
covers
everything
from
his
medical
history
to
his
emotion-al
state.Then
she
writes
a
care
plan
centered
on
the
patient's
illness
but
which
also
includes
everything
else
that
is
necessary.
The
primary
nurse
stays
with
the
patient
through
his
hospitalization,keeping
track
with
his
progress
and
seeking
further
advice
from
his
doctor.If
a
patient
at
Beth
Israel
is
not
responding
to
treatment,it
is
not
uncommon
for
his
nurse
to
propose
another
approach
to
his
doctor.What
the
doctor
at
Beth
Israel
has
in
the
primary
nurse
is
a
true
colleague.
Nursing
at
Beth
Israel
also
involves
a
decentralized(分散的)nursing
administration;every
floor,every
unit
is
a
self-contained
organization.There
are
nurse
managers
instead
of
head
nurses,in
addition
to
their
medical
duties
they
do
all
their
own
hiring
and
dismissing,employee
advising,and
they
make
salary
recommendations.Each
unit's
nurse
decide
among
themselves
who
will
work
what
shifts
and
when.
Beth
Israel's
nurse-in-chief
ranks
as
an
equal
with
other
vice
presidents
of
the
hospital.
She
also
is
a
member
of
the
Medical
Executive
Committee,which
in
most
hospitals
includes
only
doctors.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that__________.
A)compared
with
other
hospitals
nurses
at
Beth
Israel
Hospital
are
more
patient
B)in
most
hospitals
nurses
get
low
salaries
C)in
most
hospitals
nurses
get
low
salaries
D)compared
with
other
hospitals
nurses
have
to
work
longer
hour
at
Beth
Israel
Hospital
本題要求考生判斷4個選項中哪一個是根據(jù)文章可以推斷出的結(jié)論,要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容作出合理的推斷。從本題所提供的4個選項來看,文章并未談及護士的“耐心”(A);也未談及護士的“工資待遇”(C),只是說到護士的工資提升要由各科室推薦;更未涉及護士的“工作時間長短”(D)),文章的第一段最后一句才是得出正確答案的依據(jù),這句的意思是:“如果我們確要解決護理工作不足的問題,那么各地醫(yī)院的行政部門和醫(yī)生最好還是效法一下Beth
Israel醫(yī)院”,主句的虛擬語氣也說明這一點:迄今為止還未做到。由此可以推斷:①護理不充分是一個應(yīng)該解決的問題;②這個問題普遍存在,否則就沒有必要要求各地醫(yī)院行政部門和醫(yī)生效法這家醫(yī)院的做法。因此本題的正確答案為B),本題屬于局域型問題的間接性問題,這類問題是考生出錯最多的題型。在做這類問題時,切忌從篇章的個別句子中尋找答案,而應(yīng)把目光放在全篇的理解上:作者寫這篇文章的目的是什么,針對什么問題,如何解決等。有許多考生可能都有這種體驗:有的問題,第一遍閱讀時做對了,第二遍再細讀后,又改錯了。這就是因為他們在讀第二遍時注意了對篇章的個別句于的推敲,而忽視了整篇文章的大意。
2、Communication
Techniques
文章中的每一句話都有它的作用和目的,都是為作者的寫作而服務(wù)的。有的是下層意思的鋪墊,有的是上旬話的結(jié)果,互相襯托,互相聯(lián)系。四級閱讀中常常就技巧性問題提問,測試讀者對文章是否正確理解。這類題的命題方式有:
(1)The
fact...is
mentioned
by
the
author
to
show_________.
(2)The
author
achieves
his
purpose
by
depending
mainly
upon.
(3)The
writer
talks
about...in
order
io_________
.
(4)In
discussing...the
author_________.
(5)The
author's
statement
about...is
a...for...
Example:
If
women
are
mercilessly
exploited
year
after
year,they
have
only
themselves
to
blame.
Because
they
tremble
at
the
thought
of
being
seen
in
public
in
clothes
that
are
out
of
fashion,they
are
al-ways
taken
advantage
of
by
the
designers
and
the
big
stores.Clothes
which
have
been
worn
only
a
few
times
have
to
be
put
aside
because
of
the
change
of
fashion.When
you
come
to
think
of
it,only
a
woman
is
capable
of
standing
in
front
of
a
wardrobe
packed
full
of
clothes
and
announcing
sadly
that
she
has
nothing
to
wear.Changing
fashions
are
nothing
more
than
the
intentional
creation
of
waste.Many
women
spend
vast
sums
of
money
each
year
to
replace
clothes
that
have
hardly
been
worn.Women
who
cannot
afford
to
throw
away
clothing
in
this
way,waste
hours
of
their
time
altering
the
dresses
they
have.
Skirts
are
lengthened
or
shortened,necklines
are
lowered
or
raised,and
so
on.
No
one
can
claim
that
the
fashion
industry
contributes
any
thing
really
important
to
society.Fashion
designers
are
rarely
concerned
with
vital
things
like
warmth,comfort
and
durability.They
are
only
interested
in
outward
appearance
and
they
take
advantage
of
the
fact
that
women
will
put
up
with
any
amount
of
discomfort,as
long
as
they
look
right.There
can
hardly
be
a
man
who
hasn't
at
some
time
in
his
life
smiled
at
the
sight
of
a
woman
shaking
in
a
thin
dress
on
a
winter
day,or
delicately
picking
her
way
through
deep
snow
in
high-
heeled
shoes.
When
comparing
men
and
women
in
the
matter
of
fashion,the
conclusions
to
be
drawn
are
obvious.Do
the
constantly
changing
fashions
of
women's
clothes,one
wonders,reflect
basic
qualities
of
inconstancy
and
instability?Men
are
too
clever
to
let
themselves
be
cheated
by
fashion
designers.Do
their
unchanging
styles
of
dress
reflect
basic
qualities
of
stability
and
reliability?That
is
for
you
to
decide.To
the
writer,the
fact
that
women
alter
their
old-fashioned
dresses
is
seen
as_________.
A)a
waste
of
money
B)waste
of
time
C)an
expression
of
taste
本題問題是:女士們把過了時的衣服改來改去,在作者看來是“浪費金錢”(A));是“(女士對服裝的)喜好(品味)的表現(xiàn)”(C));是“(女士們)創(chuàng)造性的表現(xiàn)”(D));還是(B))所說的“浪費時間”。根據(jù)第二段所說的“waste
hours
of
their
time
altering
the
dresses
they
have.”(Para.2,Line
4——5,答案應(yīng)選B)
關(guān)于細節(jié)性問題(Suppporting
Details)
細節(jié)性問題是關(guān)于Supporting
Details類的問題,通過Skimming找出主題后,應(yīng)進一步掌握闡述和發(fā)展主題的主要事實,或按要求找出特定細節(jié)。在回答此類問題時,應(yīng)采用查讀法(Scanning),因為這些具體內(nèi)容(Detai1s)是用來說明、論證或分析文章中心的。這類題目常以“WH-”形式來提問,如who,what,when,where,why及how等形式。這些問題的表達常不采用文章中的原話提問,而是使用同義詞語等,因此,在選擇答案前應(yīng)首先看準(zhǔn)題于,看清問題所問究竟;然后,在查讀時注意尋找與題目相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞語;最后,在充分理解原文、原題的基礎(chǔ)上確定正確答案。
當(dāng)然,這類細節(jié)性問題所涉及的面是很廣的。有的涉及數(shù)字計算,如問時間、距離、次數(shù)、數(shù)量等,認真計算后方可選定正確答案;有的涉及正誤判斷,要先看選項,根據(jù)選項提供的線索,尋視文中相應(yīng)部分,最后在題中選出肯定答案;還有的尋問事實、原因、結(jié)果、目的等?傊黾毠(jié)題切忌通過自己對某類知識的主觀了解和認識做出想像判斷,一定要緊扣文章內(nèi)容,不可隨心所欲。
細節(jié)類問題的命題方式有以下幾種:
(1)Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
true
according
to
the
information
in
the
passage?